Trump 2.0 Executive Orders and Proclamations

Here, we have collected the executive orders and presidential proclamations we believe will have the greatest impact on trade policy, investment, and geopolitics, as well as the greatest predictive value for forecasting future policy changes in those spheres.

Last updated: 4/10/2025

April 2025

April 9, 2025. Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment. Suspends country-specific "Annex I" reciprocal tariff increases until July 9, 2025. Leaves 10 percent additional duties on all imports from all trading partners in place. Applies 125 percent additional duties to imports from China effective April 10, 2025. Increases ad valorem duties on low-value imports from China from 90 percent to 120 percent. Increases specific rate duties on low-value imports from $75 per parcel to $100 per parcel, which will increase to $200 on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 9, 2025. Restoring America's Maritime Dominance. Establishes a Maritime Action Plan to revitalize the U.S. shipbuilding industry through targeted investments, financial incentives, and trade measures specifically aimed at countering China's dominance in the global maritime sector. Directs USTR to address China's anticompetitive practices in shipbuilding through potential tariffs on Chinese maritime equipment. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties as Applied to Low-Value Imports from the People's Republic of China. Increases the reciprocal tariff on imports from China from 34 percent to 84 percent. Increases the ad valorem tariff on low-value imports from 30 percent to 90 percent. Increases the specific tariff on low-value imports from $25 to $75 per parcel, which will increase to $150 per parcel on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Reinvigorating America's Beautiful Clean Coal Industry and Amending Executive Order 14241. Directs agencies to report on coal deposits located on federal lands and take various actions to facilitate mining of coal on federal lands. Directs agencies to revoke or rescind policies intended to transition the U.S. away from coal as an energy source. Directs Commerce, USTR, State and various other agencies to promote and identify opportunities to increase exports of coal. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Regulatory Relief for Certain Stationary Sources to Promote American Energy. Establishes an exemption for certain coal-fired power plants from a recent EPA amendment to Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) rules. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Protecting American Energy from State Overreach. Directs the U.S. Attorney General to identify state and local laws, regulations, practices, etc. invoking or addressing climate change, ESG initiatives, environmental justice greenhouse gas emissions, as well as funds to collect carbon penalties or carbon taxes, and take steps to stop the enforcement of these measures. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 7, 2025. Review of Proposed United States Steel Corporation Acquisition. Directs the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to open a "de novo" investigation into national security risks associated with the potential acquisition of U.S. Steel by Japan's Nippon Steel Corporation. Their report is due within 45 days (i.e., before May 22, 2025). Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 2, 2025. Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports. Bars imports from China valued under $800 from using the de minimis exemption and requires formal custom entries for all low-value shipments from China. Couriers may choose to pay either a 30% ad valorem duty starting May 2, 2025 or a specific duty of $25 per parcel starting May 2, 2025, which will increase to $50 per parcel on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 2, 2025. Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits. Establishes an additional 10 percent ad valorem tariff on all imports from all trading partners starting April 5, 2025, and additional tariff increases on a country-by-country basis starting April 9, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register | Annex I Tariff Rates | Annex II Excluded Products

March 2025

March 26, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States. Directs that a 25 percent tariff be assessed on automobiles (starting April 3, 2025) and automobile parts (starting no later than May 3, 2025). USMCA-eligible entries may submit documentation to have the tariff applied only to the value of non-US origin components. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 20, 2025. Immediate Measures to Increase American Mineral Production. Directs federal agencies to take various actions to increase domestic mineral production, including identifying federal lands with extractable minerals, streamlining the permitting process, and using the Defense Production Act to fund and expedite critical mineral extraction projects. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 6, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border. Excludes duty-free entries under USMCA from the additional 25% duty described in Executive Order 14194 and reduces the additional duty on potash from 25 percent to 10 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 6, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border. Excludes duty-free entries under USMCA from the additional 25% duty described in Executive Order 14193 and reduces the additional duty on potash from 25 percent to 10 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 3, 2025. Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China. Increases duties on China related to its role in fentanyl production from 10 percent to 20 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 2, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border. Ends duty-free de minimis treatment for small shipments of imported products from Mexico that otherwise would be subject to duties described in Executive Order 14194 of February 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 2, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border. Ends duty-free de minimis treatment for small shipments of imported products from Canada that otherwise would be subject to duties described in Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 1, 2025. Addressing the Threat to National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber. Directs Commerce to initiate a Section 232 investigation into national security risks from imports of lumber and timber and derivative wood products. Commerce's report is due within 270 days (i.e., by November 26, 2025). New duties on lumber and timber imports are likely within 6 months of the report's delivery. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 2025

February 25, 2025. Addressing the Threat to National Security from Imports of Copper. Directs Commerce to initiate a Section 232 investigation into national security risks from copper imports. Commerce's report is due within 270 days (i.e., by November 22, 2025). New duties on copper imports are likely within 6 months of the report's delivery. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 21, 2025. America First Investment Policy. Directs federal agencies to 1) create a fast-track process for expedited approval of investment from U.S. allies, 2) expedite environmental reviews for investments over $1 billion, 3) create rules to stop China-affiliated people and companies from buying U.S. businesses and assets, and 4) deter U.S. persons from investing in China's military-industrial sector. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 21, 2025. Defending American Companies and Innovators from Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties. Directs USTR to evaluate renewal of Section 301 investigations targeting digital service taxes (DSTs) instituted by France, Austria, Italy, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, and determine whether to launch new investigations into other DSTs. Directs Treasury, Commerce and USTR to jointly identify discriminatory foreign trade and regulatory practices, including content moderation policies and extraterritorial taxes. Directs USTR to secure a permanent moratorium on customs duties for cross-border electronic transactions. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 11, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States. Cancels all country and product-specific exclusions from the 2018 Section 232 aluminum tariffs and applies tariffs to derivative articles according to their foreign aluminum content. Directs Commerce to establish a process whereby U.S. manufacturers can petition for tariffs to be applied to other derivative articles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 10, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States. Cancels all country and product-specific exclusions from the 2018 Section 232 steel tariffs and applies tariffs to derivative articles according to their foreign steel content. Directs Commerce to establish a process whereby U.S. manufacturers can petition for tariffs to be applied to other derivative articles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 3, 2025. Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border. Suspends additional 25 percent duty on products from Canada until March 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 3, 2025. Progress on the Situation at Our Southern Border. Suspends additional 25 percent duty on products from Mexico until March 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border. Imposes an additional 25 percent ad valorem duty on all products of Canada beginning from Feburary 4, 2025. However, energy or energy resources are subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem duty. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China. Imposes an additional 10 percent ad valorem duty on all products from China, beginning from February 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border. Applies an additional 25 percent ad valorem duty to all products of Mexico, beginning from February 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 2025

January 20, 2025. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Global Tax Deal (Global Tax Deal). Directs Treasury to notify the OECD that prior commitments by the U.S. regarding a 15% global minimum corporate tax are null and void. Also directs Treasury and USTR to review extraterritorial foreign tax policies impacting U.S. companies and submit a report within 60 days. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Declaring a National Energy Emergency. Directs relevant agencies to expedite approvals for development of domestic energy resource production and generation projects, including use of emergency approvals under the Clean Water Act and Endangered Species Act and authorities under the Defense Production Act. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Unleashing American Energy. Orders recission of policies seen to burden extraction and development of U.S. energy resources as well as streamlining the permitting process for new oil, natural gas, hydropower, biofuel, critical mineral, and nuclear energy projects. Ends subsidies for EV charging infrastructure and other incentives for electric vehicles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. America First Trade Policy. Outlines the administration's key areas of concern regarding international trade and identifies targets for policy interventions. Directs agencies to review U.S. trade policy and provide reports by April 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Withdrawing the United States from the World Health Organization. Directs relevant authorities to commence the withdrawal of the U.S. from the World Health Organization. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Putting America First in International Environmental Agreements. Withdraws the United States from the Paris climate agreement and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; revokes the U.S. International Climate Finance Plan. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

Relevant Trump 1.0 Measures

January 24, 2020. Adjusting Imports of Derivative Aluminum Articles and Derivative Steel Articles into the United States. Adds certain derivative aluminum and steel articles to the list of products subject to the 25 percent duty on imported steel products and the 10 percent duty on imported aluminum products. Links: Federal Register

March 8, 2018. Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States. Applies an additional duty of 10 percent to specified aluminum products entered or withdrawn for consumption after midnight on March 23, 2018. The affected aluminum products are enumerated at Annex I to the proclamation. Links: Federal Register

March 8, 2018. Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States. Applies an additional duty of 25 percent to specified steel products entered or withdrawn for consumption after midnight on March 23, 2018. The affected steel products are enumerated at Annex I to the proclamation. Links: Federal Register