Trump 2.0 Executive Orders and Proclamations

Here, we have curated a list of executive orders and presidential proclamations we believe will have the greatest impact on trade policy, investment, and geopolitics, as well as the greatest predictive value for forecasting future policy changes.

Last updated: 7/15/2025

July 2025

July 7, 2025. Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates. Extends the suspension of country-specific reciprocal duties until August 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

June 2025

June 30, 2025. Ending Market Distorting Subsidies for Unreliable, Foreign-Controlled Energy Sources. Terminates tax credits under Sections 45Y and 48E of the Internal Revenue Code for wind and solar facilities. Directs Treasury to implement Foreign Entity of Concern restrictions. Requires Interior to eliminate preferential treatment of wind and solar facilities. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

June 16, 2025. Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America - United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal. Establishes an annual tariff-rate quota of 100,000 imported automobiles from the UK, subject to a combined tariff of 10 percent. Imports of automotive parts for use in UK automobiles will also be subject to a combined tariff of 10 percent. Exempts UK aerospace imports from reciprocal duties as well as steel and aluminum duties. Directs Commerce and USTR to establish a tariff-rate quota for steel and aluminum and derivative articles from the UK. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

June 13, 2025. Regarding the Proposed Acquisition of United States Steel Corporation by Nippon Steel Corporation. Conditionally approves Nippon Steel's acquisition of US Steel so long as the parties execute a National Security Agreement. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

June 6, 2025. Unleashing American Drone Dominance. Directs the FAA to improve regulatory clarity regarding domestic unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations in US and expedite integration of drones into the National Airspace System. Instructs federal agencies to prioritize procurement of US-made UAS. Creates a Covered Foreign Entity List of companies posing supply chain risks to UAS manufacturing and directs Commerce to establish rules and conduct investigations to secure the US drone supply chain against foreign exploitation. Directs Commerce, State, DoD and Energy to promote and expedite exports of US drones to foreign partners. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

June 3, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Aluminum and Steel into the United States. Increases the duty rate on imports of steel and aluminum articles and derivative products from 25 percent to 50 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

May 2025

May 23, 2025. Deploying Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies for National Security. Directs creation of a program facilitating use of nuclear power at military bases, including commencing operation of a new nuclear reactor at a US military base by 2028. Directs the Department of Energy to expedite approval of design, construction and operation of advanced nuclear technologies. Directs the State Department and Department of Energy to aggressively pursue new Section 123 agreements and other intergovernmental agreements for increasing US nuclear exports to partner countries. Directs the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy along with State, Treasury, Commerce, Energy, Office of Management and Budget, and other government offices to develop a strategy for increasing US nuclear exports and availability of export financing and reduce statutory and regulatory burdens on US nuclear exports. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

May 23, 2025. Reinvigorating the Nuclear Industrial Base. Requires the Department of Energy to develop a plan for expanding nuclear fuel enrichment capabilities. Directs the Department of Energy to use voluntary agreements such as forward contracts, purchase agreements and other instruments pursuant to the Defense Production Act (DPA) to expand national capabilities for managing spent nuclear fuel, enriching fuel, and otherwise strengthening the US's nuclear fuel supply chain. Creates a goal of building 10 new large nuclear power reactors in the US by 2030 and directs funding for advanced nuclear technologies. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

May 12, 2025. Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions With the People's Republic of China. Reduces the reciprocal tariffs applied to imports from China to 10 percent for 90 days. After 90 days, the reciprocal tariff rate on goods from China will return to 34%, the original country-specific rate provided for in Executive Order 14257 (Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Recify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits). Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

May 12, 2025. Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing to American Patients. Directs Commerce and USTR to examine acts, policies and practices that may be unreasonable or discriminatory (read: Section 301) or that may impair U.S. national security (read: Section 232) and that result in U.S. consumers bearing the global financial burden for pharmaceutical R&D. Directs Commerce and other agencies to consider action regarding pharmaceutical exports that may be enabling global price discrimination. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 2025

April 29, 2025. Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles. Provides guidance for which tariffs "stack" or have cumulative effect. Imports subject to Section 232 automobile tariffs will not be subject to IEEPA duties on goods from Mexico and Canada, or Section 232 steel and aluminum duties. Imports subject to IEEPA duties on goods from Mexico and Canada will not also be subject to Section 232 steel and aluminum duties. Imports containing both foreign steel and aluminum can be simultaneously subject to Section 232 duties on both steel and aluminum content. For imports subject to the IEEPA duties on goods from Mexico and Canada or a Section 232 duty, and one or more other tariffs such as Section 301 duties, the IEEPA or Section 232 duties have cumulative effect with the other duties. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 24, 2025. Unleashing America's Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources. Directs Commerce (NOAA and BOEM) to expedite issuance of seabed mineral exploration licenses and commercial recovery permits outside national jurisdiction. Directs Commerce, Department of Interior and Department of Energy to compile a report identifying extra-national seabed mineral extraction opportunities, engage with allies to explore partnerships for seabed mineral extraction and processing, and revise existing regulations governing processing of seabed mineral resources. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 17, 2025. Restoring American Seafood Competitiveness. Directs Commerce and USTR to jointly develop a comprehensive seafood trade strategy. Directs USTR to examine trade practices of major seafood-producing nations for indications of illegal fishing practices and forced labor, and seek remedies via negotiation or action under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (e.g., tariffs) or other authorities. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 15, 2025. Ensuring National Security and Economic Resilience Through Section 232 Actions on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products. Directs the Department of Commerce to initiate a Section 232 national investigation into the imports of processed critical minerals and derivative products. Commerce's report is due by October 19, 2025 (i.e., within 180 days of initiation, which occurred on April 22, 2025). Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register | BIS Initiation Notice

April 9, 2025. Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment. Suspends country-specific "Annex I" reciprocal tariff increases until July 9, 2025. Leaves 10 percent additional duties on all imports from all trading partners in place. Applies 125 percent additional duties to imports from China effective April 10, 2025. Increases ad valorem duties on low-value imports from China from 90 percent to 120 percent. Increases specific rate duties on low-value imports from $75 per parcel to $100 per parcel, which will increase to $200 on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 9, 2025. Restoring America's Maritime Dominance. Establishes a Maritime Action Plan to revitalize the U.S. shipbuilding industry through targeted investments, financial incentives, and trade measures specifically aimed at countering China's dominance in the global maritime sector. Directs USTR to address China's anticompetitive practices in shipbuilding through potential tariffs on Chinese maritime equipment. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 8, 2025. Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties as Applied to Low-Value Imports from the People's Republic of China. Increases the reciprocal tariff on imports from China from 34 percent to 84 percent. Increases the ad valorem tariff on low-value imports from 30 percent to 90 percent. Increases the specific tariff on low-value imports from $25 to $75 per parcel, which will increase to $150 per parcel on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Reinvigorating America's Beautiful Clean Coal Industry and Amending Executive Order 14241. Directs agencies to report on coal deposits located on federal lands and take various actions to facilitate mining of coal on federal lands. Directs agencies to revoke or rescind policies intended to transition the U.S. away from coal as an energy source. Directs Commerce, USTR, State and various other agencies to promote and identify opportunities to increase exports of coal. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Regulatory Relief for Certain Stationary Sources to Promote American Energy. Establishes an exemption for certain coal-fired power plants from a recent EPA amendment to Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) rules. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 8, 2025. Protecting American Energy from State Overreach. Directs the U.S. Attorney General to identify state and local laws, regulations, practices, etc. invoking or addressing climate change, ESG initiatives, environmental justice greenhouse gas emissions, as well as funds to collect carbon penalties or carbon taxes, and take steps to stop the enforcement of these measures. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 7, 2025. Review of Proposed United States Steel Corporation Acquisition. Directs the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to open a "de novo" investigation into national security risks associated with the potential acquisition of U.S. Steel by Japan's Nippon Steel Corporation. Their report is due within 45 days (i.e., before May 22, 2025). Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register (pending publication)

April 2, 2025. Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports. Bars imports from China valued under $800 from using the de minimis exemption and requires formal custom entries for all low-value shipments from China. Couriers may choose to pay either a 30% ad valorem duty starting May 2, 2025 or a specific duty of $25 per parcel starting May 2, 2025, which will increase to $50 per parcel on June 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

April 2, 2025. Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits. Establishes an additional 10 percent ad valorem tariff on all imports from all trading partners starting April 5, 2025, and additional tariff increases on a country-by-country basis starting April 9, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register | Annex I Tariff Rates | Annex II Excluded Products

March 2025

March 26, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States. Directs that a 25 percent tariff be assessed on automobiles (starting April 3, 2025) and automobile parts (starting no later than May 3, 2025). USMCA-eligible entries may submit documentation to have the tariff applied only to the value of non-US origin components. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 20, 2025. Immediate Measures to Increase American Mineral Production. Directs federal agencies to take various actions to increase domestic mineral production, including identifying federal lands with extractable minerals, streamlining the permitting process, and using the Defense Production Act to fund and expedite critical mineral extraction projects. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 6, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border. Excludes duty-free entries under USMCA from the additional 25% duty described in Executive Order 14194 and reduces the additional duty on potash from 25 percent to 10 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 6, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border. Excludes duty-free entries under USMCA from the additional 25% duty described in Executive Order 14193 and reduces the additional duty on potash from 25 percent to 10 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 3, 2025. Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China. Increases duties on China related to its role in fentanyl production from 10 percent to 20 percent. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 2, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border. Ends duty-free de minimis treatment for small shipments of imported products from Mexico that otherwise would be subject to duties described in Executive Order 14194 of February 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 2, 2025. Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border. Ends duty-free de minimis treatment for small shipments of imported products from Canada that otherwise would be subject to duties described in Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

March 1, 2025. Addressing the Threat to National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber. Directs Commerce to initiate a Section 232 investigation into national security risks from imports of lumber and timber and derivative wood products. Commerce's report is due within 270 days (i.e., by November 26, 2025). New duties on lumber and timber imports are likely within 6 months of the report's delivery. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 2025

February 25, 2025. Addressing the Threat to National Security from Imports of Copper. Directs Commerce to initiate a Section 232 investigation into national security risks from copper imports. Commerce's report is due within 270 days (i.e., by November 22, 2025). New duties on copper imports are likely within 6 months of the report's delivery. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 21, 2025. America First Investment Policy. Directs federal agencies to 1) create a fast-track process for expedited approval of investment from U.S. allies, 2) expedite environmental reviews for investments over $1 billion, 3) create rules to stop China-affiliated people and companies from buying U.S. businesses and assets, and 4) deter U.S. persons from investing in China's military-industrial sector. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 21, 2025. Defending American Companies and Innovators from Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties. Directs USTR to evaluate renewal of Section 301 investigations targeting digital service taxes (DSTs) instituted by France, Austria, Italy, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, and determine whether to launch new investigations into other DSTs. Directs Treasury, Commerce and USTR to jointly identify discriminatory foreign trade and regulatory practices, including content moderation policies and extraterritorial taxes. Directs USTR to secure a permanent moratorium on customs duties for cross-border electronic transactions. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 11, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States. Cancels all country and product-specific exclusions from the 2018 Section 232 aluminum tariffs and applies tariffs to derivative articles according to their foreign aluminum content. Directs Commerce to establish a process whereby U.S. manufacturers can petition for tariffs to be applied to other derivative articles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 10, 2025. Adjusting Imports of Steel into the United States. Cancels all country and product-specific exclusions from the 2018 Section 232 steel tariffs and applies tariffs to derivative articles according to their foreign steel content. Directs Commerce to establish a process whereby U.S. manufacturers can petition for tariffs to be applied to other derivative articles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 3, 2025. Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border. Suspends additional 25 percent duty on products from Canada until March 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 3, 2025. Progress on the Situation at Our Southern Border. Suspends additional 25 percent duty on products from Mexico until March 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border. Imposes an additional 25 percent ad valorem duty on all products of Canada beginning from Feburary 4, 2025. However, energy or energy resources are subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem duty. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China. Imposes an additional 10 percent ad valorem duty on all products from China, beginning from February 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

February 1, 2025. Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border. Applies an additional 25 percent ad valorem duty to all products of Mexico, beginning from February 4, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 2025

January 20, 2025. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Global Tax Deal (Global Tax Deal). Directs Treasury to notify the OECD that prior commitments by the U.S. regarding a 15% global minimum corporate tax are null and void. Also directs Treasury and USTR to review extraterritorial foreign tax policies impacting U.S. companies and submit a report within 60 days. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Declaring a National Energy Emergency. Directs relevant agencies to expedite approvals for development of domestic energy resource production and generation projects, including use of emergency approvals under the Clean Water Act and Endangered Species Act and authorities under the Defense Production Act. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Unleashing American Energy. Orders recission of policies seen to burden extraction and development of U.S. energy resources as well as streamlining the permitting process for new oil, natural gas, hydropower, biofuel, critical mineral, and nuclear energy projects. Ends subsidies for EV charging infrastructure and other incentives for electric vehicles. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. America First Trade Policy. Outlines the administration's key areas of concern regarding international trade and identifies targets for policy interventions. Directs agencies to review U.S. trade policy and provide reports by April 1, 2025. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Withdrawing the United States from the World Health Organization. Directs relevant authorities to commence the withdrawal of the U.S. from the World Health Organization. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

January 20, 2025. Putting America First in International Environmental Agreements. Withdraws the United States from the Paris climate agreement and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; revokes the U.S. International Climate Finance Plan. Links: whitehouse.gov | Federal Register

Relevant Trump 1.0 Measures

January 24, 2020. Adjusting Imports of Derivative Aluminum Articles and Derivative Steel Articles into the United States. Adds certain derivative aluminum and steel articles to the list of products subject to the 25 percent duty on imported steel products and the 10 percent duty on imported aluminum products. Links: Federal Register

March 8, 2018. Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into the United States. Applies an additional duty of 10 percent to specified aluminum products entered or withdrawn for consumption after midnight on March 23, 2018. The affected aluminum products are enumerated at Annex I to the proclamation. Links: Federal Register

March 8, 2018. Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States. Applies an additional duty of 25 percent to specified steel products entered or withdrawn for consumption after midnight on March 23, 2018. The affected steel products are enumerated at Annex I to the proclamation. Links: Federal Register